Ho
Ho belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family, specifically situated within the North Munda branch of the Munda sub-family.
Speakers
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are approximately 1.4 million speakers of the Ho language.
Distribution in India
The language is primarily spoken in the state of Jharkhand (especially concentrated in the West Singhbhum and East Singhbhum districts). It is also widely spoken in the adjoining districts of northern Odisha (such as Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, and Sundargarh) and parts of West Bengal.
Major grammatical features
- Phonology: The phonemic inventory of Ho includes a distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops, retroflex consonants, and characteristic Austro-Asiatic glottalized or checked stops (often occurring syllable-finally). Vowel nasalization and length can also carry contrastive functional weight.
- Morphology: Ho is a highly agglutinative language. Nouns are marked for three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and inflected for grammatical case. Verbs are highly complex, incorporating pronominal markers for both the subject and object, alongside suffixes indicating tense, aspect, and mood.
- Syntax: The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Ho is head-final, utilizing postpositions rather than prepositions, with modifiers generally preceding the nouns they qualify.
Further reading
Direct relationships
Has record 50
Transcription of A20241007164153787846_281474976803432.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143622169786audioTranscription of A20241007164032201337_281474976803708.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621916290transcriptionA20241007163240145607_281474976801423.wavaudioAudio A20240817143621844672audioTranscription of A20240817143621845168transcriptionTranscription of A20241007163951556535_281474976803656.wavtranscriptionA20241007163315310837_281474976802013.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007162856822661_281474976800163.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621700234audioAudio A20240817143621563286audioTranscription of A20240817143621374206transcriptionTranscription of A20241007163456265056_281474976803510.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621364159transcriptionTranscription of A20241007162930784258_281474976800376.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621527561transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622047905transcriptionAudio A20240817143621632510audioA20241007163500153791_281474976803515.wavaudioA20241007162915497764_281474976800299.wavaudioAudio A20240817143622173698audioTranscription of A20241007163240728206_281474976801438.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20241007164023466454_281474976803697.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621835050audioA20241007163321312380_281474976802073.wavaudioA20241007163955522621_281474976803661.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622048694transcriptionA20241007162800672497_281474976799613.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622014657transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621861592transcriptionAudio A20240817143621006876audioTranscription of A20241007164127532128_281474976802079.wavtranscriptionA20241007162943477293_281474976800396.wavaudioAudio A20240817143621693526audioAudio A20240817143621866754audioTranscription of A20240817143622178988transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621873313transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621838890transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622029727transcriptionA20241007163104517991_281474976801523.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007163005578254_281474976801285.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20241021185319199665_recording.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621614772audioTranscription of A20241007163311110466_281474976802007.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20241007163159556110_281474976801608.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621946795audioTranscription of A20240817143622332719transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621979328transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621432049transcription