Ho
Ho belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family, specifically situated within the North Munda branch of the Munda sub-family.
Speakers
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are approximately 1.4 million speakers of the Ho language.
Distribution in India
The language is primarily spoken in the state of Jharkhand (especially concentrated in the West Singhbhum and East Singhbhum districts). It is also widely spoken in the adjoining districts of northern Odisha (such as Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, and Sundargarh) and parts of West Bengal.
Major grammatical features
- Phonology: The phonemic inventory of Ho includes a distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops, retroflex consonants, and characteristic Austro-Asiatic glottalized or checked stops (often occurring syllable-finally). Vowel nasalization and length can also carry contrastive functional weight.
- Morphology: Ho is a highly agglutinative language. Nouns are marked for three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and inflected for grammatical case. Verbs are highly complex, incorporating pronominal markers for both the subject and object, alongside suffixes indicating tense, aspect, and mood.
- Syntax: The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Ho is head-final, utilizing postpositions rather than prepositions, with modifiers generally preceding the nouns they qualify.
Further reading
Direct relationships
Has record 50
A20241007162817657397_281474976799644.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007162816639408_281474976799642.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143622120654audioTranscription of A20240817143620960224transcriptionTranscription of A20241007162745160215_281474976799585.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621375291transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621646019transcriptionA20241007164155203711_281474976803437.wavaudioA20241007162925454668_281474976800315.wavaudioA20241007163037722343_281474976801406.wavaudioA20241007163206299716_281474976801920.wavaudioA20241007163049857601_281474976801429.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622272746transcriptionAudio A20240817143622158539audioAudio A20240817143622227014audioAudio A20240817143621545054audioTranscription of A20240817143621970140transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622107224transcriptionTranscription of A20241007163225661543_281474976801951.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621653620audioTranscription of A20240817143621369767transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621966718transcriptionAudio A20240817143621947674audioTranscription of A20241229083939051170_281474976803529.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621955297transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621503024transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621703575transcriptionA20241007163335992580_281474976802096.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622281115transcriptionAudio A20240817143622259015audioAudio A20240817143621486113audioTranscription of A20241007162936113685_281474976800384.wavtranscriptionA20241007163415774869_281474976802261.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143621434924transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622160468transcriptionA20241007163345300621_281474976802219.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007163243361808_281474976801533.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143622127050audioTranscription of A20240817143622192721transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622332216transcriptionA20241007163035084474_281474976801399.wavaudioAudio A20240817143622270276audioAudio A20240817143622109296audioAudio A20240817143621552338audioA20241007163050753144_281474976801430.wavaudioAudio A20240817143621978865audioAudio A20240817143622192721audioA20241007163026330191_281474976801320.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143621003198transcriptionTranscription of A20241007163042684189_281474976801417.wavtranscription